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Monday, 5 July 2010

Black-Box


In science and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can (and sometimes can only) be viewed solely in terms of its input, output and transfer characteristics without any knowledge of its internal workings. Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human mind.It is a useful application of human and Artificial intelligence.The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection (such as a free software/open source program), which is sometimes known as a white box, a glass box, or a clear box.

The modern term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. The process of network synthesis from the transfer functions of black boxes can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941. Although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis. Belevitch puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that.

Application of black box

In electronics, a sealed piece of replaceable equipment; see line-replaceable unit. (LRU)

In computer programming and software engineering, black box testing

In computing in general, a black box program is one where the user cannot see its inner workings

Also in computing, a black box refers to a piece of equipment provided by a vendor

In cybernetics .

In neural networking or heuristic algorithms, AI simulations

In finance many people trade with "black box" programs and algorithms designed by programmers.

In mathematical modelling.

In philosophy and psychology

In cryptography

In aviation, a black box is an audio recording device in the cockpit of an airplane or helicopter.

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